Home > Resources
	Complete Reports
	Lighting Controls Overview
	Automatic Shut-Off Controls and Occupancy Sensors
	Ballast/Communications Protocols and Standards
	Dimming: Human Factors
	Dimming: Lamp Life
	Load Management and Load-shed Ballasts
	Dimming: Fluorescent Systems
	Dimming: Human Factors
	Dimming: Lamp Life
	Energy Efficiency and Load Management
	Lighting Controls, Sensors and Ballasts

Final Report: Year 1 ( 601K)
Discussion of tasks and findings conducted during Year 1 of the LRC/U.S. DOE project

Final Report: Year 2 ( 2852K) Discussion of tasks and findings conducted during Year 2 of the LRC/U.S. DOE project

Final Report: Year 3 ( 450K)
Discussion of tasks and findings conducted during Year 3 of the LRC/U.S. DOE project

To Top

Lighting Controls Overview

Current State of Lighting Controls ( 188K)
Preliminary discussion and recommendations for overcoming barriers to lighting controls in commercial/industrial applications using fluorescent lighting systems

Exploratory Analysis of Operational Parameters of Controls ( 182K)
Discussion of how occupancy sensors, photosensors and dimming ballasts work and their operational strengths and limitations

Direct Mail Contractor Survey ( 151K)
Results from a survey to determine contractors' and controls installers' attitudes about barriers affecting the acceptance of lighting controls

Recommendations for Improved Components( 207K)
Discussion of recommendations for improved components and systems, based on defined performance characteristics and defined acquisition, installation and commissioning costs

Lighting Controls: Where Are We and Where Are We Going (2003) ( 2379K)
Overview of the LRC/U.S. DOE project presented to the Association of Energy Service Professionals International

To Top

Automatic Shut-Off Controls and Occupancy Sensors

Overcoming Barriers to Widespread Use of Lighting Controls in Commercial/Industrial Applications - Part I: Automatic Shut-off Controls ( 306K)
Overview and discussion of the barriers to greater use of automatic shut-off controls

Exploratory Analysis of Operational Parameters of Controls: Occupancy Sensors ( 109K)
Discussion of how occupancy sensors work and their operational strengths and limitations

Problems Encountered During Installation and Commissioning of Sensors ( 130K)
A visit report detailing the installation of occupancy sensors at a company's headquarters, including problems, lessons learned and recommendations

Practices for Installing Occupancy Sensors ( 117K)
List of recommended practices for both manufacturers and installers to make the installation of occupancy sensors easier and more successful

Avoiding and Overcoming Installation Problems with Occupancy-sensing Lighting Control Systems
( 2145K)
An electrician-friendly, easy-to-read guide for the installation of occupancy sensors, including clear explanations of how the technology works, installation examples and a checklist to use on-the-job

Proposed Estimate of Energy Savings ( 154K)
Recommendations and discussions of realistic energy savings from the use of automatic shut-off controls

Draft Performance Specification: Occupancy Sensors ( 92K)
Recommended operational specifications for occupancy sensors

Specifier Reports: Occupancy Sensors (1998)
Review of occupancy sensors for industrial and commercial use, including guidance for equipment selection and successful installation

To Top

Ballast/Communications Protocols and Standards

Exploratory Analysis of Operational Parameters of Controls: Dimming Ballasts ( 141K)
Discussion of how dimming ballasts and communication protocols work and their operational strengths and limitations

Meeting the Needs of a Fully Integrated Lighting and Whole Building Control Protocol ( 204K)
Discussion of integrating lighting controls into building automation systems, and overview of new and established communication protocols

Lighting Answers: Controlling Lighting with Building Automation Systems (1997)
Explains the options, benefits and potential pitfalls of controlling lighting with building automation systems.

Specifier Reports: Dimming Electronic Ballasts (1999)
Covers ballast types, control signal circuitry, and control devices for dimming electronic ballasts

Specifier Reports: Electronic Ballasts (2000)
Explains performance characteristics of electronic ballasts, plus other factors such as lamp/ballast starting methods

To Top

Dimming: Human Factors

Investigation of Ideal Lamp Light Output Dimming Ratio Required for Different Types of Applications
( 177K)
Overview of studies and recommendations for dimming needs, lighting system performance and dimming methods

Energy Savings for Load-shedding Ballast for Fluorescent Lighting Systems ( 1284K)
Discussion of experimental methods and results of a study to identify how people detect and accept illuminance changes

The Effect of Bias Towards Energy Savings on Occupant's Dimming Requirements ( 1200K)
Discussion of an experimental study to determine how education plays a role in the acceptance of reduced illumination levels

To Top

Dimming: Lamp Life

Investigation of the Effects of Dimming on Fluorescent Lamp Life ( 1368K)
Findings report on fluorescent lamp/ballast interactions and impacts of dimming on lamp life

To Top

Load Management and Load-shed Ballasts

Revised Draft Performance Specification: Load-shed Ballasts ( 139K)
Recommended operational specifications for a prototype load-shed ballast

Market Analysis for Load-shedding Ballasts ( 213K)
Analysis of customer savings/payments and ballast and communication link costs

To Top

Marketing

Reducing Barriers to Use of High Efficiency Lighting Systems: Technology Transfer Plan ( 266K)
Detailed discussion of how to bring improved, integrated lighting and control systems to market

Daylight Dividends Focus Group Report ( 389K)
Focus group study report exploring the barriers to using daylighting in commercial, industrial and institutional buildings

California Energy Commission Roundtable Load-shedding Proceedings Report ( 233K)
Report on roundtable meetings to discuss the design and functionality of the load-shed ballast and associated control system.

Motion Sensor Roundtable Report ( 56K)
Recommended action items to encourage the widespread deployment of automatic shut-off lighting controls in existing and new C/I buildings, based upon a roundtable discussion with industry participants

To Top

Photosensors

Exploratory Analysis of Operational Parameters of Controls: Photosensors ( 119K)
Discussion of how photosensors work and their operational strengths and limitations

Draft Performance Specification: Photosensors ( 79K)
Recommended operational specifications for photosensors

LRC Photosensor Tutorial (2003) ( 2608K)
Overview of photosensor technology operations and the new self-commissioning photosensor

Specifier Reports: Photosensors (1998)
Provides guidance on selecting, installing, and adjusting photosensors, including manufacturer-supplied data and brand-name performance results

Development and Demonstration of an Improved, Energy-Efficient, Photosensor Lighting Control (2003) ( 1563K)
Report on a two-year project to develop an improved daylight photosensor for private office lighting applications, including detailed discussion of device operations and performance evaluations

To Top

Dimming: Fluorescent Systems

Akashi, Y., J. Neches, and A. Bierman. 2002a. Energy saving load-shedding ballast for fluorescent lighting systems: occupant's dimming requirements. (Draft report submitted to Connecticut Light and Power, September 2002).

———. 2002b. The effect of bias towards energy savings on occupants. (Draft report submitted to the US Department of Energy, October 2002).

Boyce, P.R. 1984. Lighting control: The user's point of view. Lighting Control: Proceedings of the CEA/DBR Symposium, 69-85. Ottawa: Division of Building Research, National Research Council Canada.

Boyce, P., and M.S. Rea. 2001. Lighting and human performance II: Beyond visibility models toward a unified human factors approach to performance. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute.

Carrière, L.A., and M.S. Rea. 1988. Economics of switching fluorescent lamps. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 24(3): 370-379.

Dillon, R. F., I. C. Pasini, and M. S. Rea. 1987. Survey of visual contrast in office forms. Proceedings: 21st Session. Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage, 74-77. Paris: Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage.

Haverlag, M., Kraus, A., Sormani, J., et al. 2002. High-frequency cold ignition of fluorescent lamps. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 35: 1695-1701.

Kryszczuk, K. 2001. Detection of slow light level reduction. IESNA Annual Conference Technical Papers, 315-322. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

Lighting Research Center. 1998. Fluorescent lamp-ballast systems part 1, Robert G. Davis, and Yunfen Ji. Final Report 94-40. Troy NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

National Lighting Product Information Program. 2000. NLPIP Specifier reports: Electronic ballasts. Troy, NY: Lighting Research Center.

O'Rourke, C., and M. Figueiro. 2001. Long-term performance of screwbase compact fluorescent lamps. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 30(2): 30-39.

Rea, M.S. 1986. Toward a model of visual performance: Foundations and data. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 15(2): 41-57.

———. 1987. Toward a model of visual performance: A review of methodologies. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 16(1): 128-142.

Rea, M.S, ed. 2000. Lighting handbook: Reference & application. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

Rea, M.S., and M.J. Ouellette. 1991. Relative visual performance: A basis for application. Lighting Research & Technology 23(3): 135-144.

Rea, M.S., M.J. Ouellette, and M.E. Kennedy. 1985. Lighting and task parameters affecting posture, performance, and subjective ratings. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 15(1): 231-238.

Shikakura, T., H. Morikawa, and Y. Nakamura. 2001. Research on the perception of lighting fluctuation in a luminous offices environment. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan 85(5): 346-351.

Verderber, R. R., O. Morse, and F.M. Rubinstein. 1985. Life of fluorescent lamps operated at high frequencies with solid-state ballasts. Conference Record: Industry Applications Society IEEE-IAS-1985 Annual Meeting, 1724-1728. New York: IEEE.

Waymouth, J.F. 1971. Electric discharge lamps. Cambridge, MA and London, England: M.I.T. Press.

To Top

Dimming: Human Factors

Akashi, Y., J. Neches, and A. Bierman. 2002. Energy saving load-shedding ballast for fluorescent lighting systems: occupant's dimming requirements. (Draft report submitted to Connecticut Light and Power, September 2002).

Kelly, D.H. 1961. Visual response to time-dependent stimuli. I. Amplitude sensitivity measurements. Journal of the Optical Society of America 51: 422-429.

———. 1971. Theory of flicker and transient responses, I. Uniform fields. Journal of Optical Society of America 61: 537-546.

———. 1971. Theory of flicker and transient responses, II. Counterphase gratings. Journal of Optical Society of America 61: 632-640.

Kryszczuk, K. 2001. Detection of slow light level reduction. IESNA Annual Conference Technical Papers, 315-322. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

Shikakura, T., H. Morikawa, and Y. Nakamura. 2001. Research on the perception of lighting fluctuation in a luminous offices environment. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan 85(5): 346-351.

To Top

Dimming: Lamp Life

American National Standards Institute. 2002. American national standard for lamp ballast-high frequency fluorescent lamp ballasts (Supplements) ANSI C82.11 Consolidated 2002. ANSI: New York.

Brown, S.C. 1959. Basic data of plasma physics. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.

Hammer, E. E. 1995. Cathode fall voltage relationship with fluorescent lamps. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 24(1): 116-22.

———.1989. Comparative starting operating characteristics of typical F40 systems. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 18(1): 63-69.

Hilscher, A. 2002. Determination of the cathode fall voltage in fluorescent lamps by measurement of the operating voltage. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 35: 1707-1715.

Lighting Research Center. 1998. Fluorescent lamp-ballast systems, part 1, Robert G. Davis, and Yunfen Ji. Final Report 94-40. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Lighting Research Center. Demonstration and Evaluation of Lighting Technologies and Applications. 2003. DELTA field test: Integrated skylight luminaire. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Lowry, E.F. 1951. Thermionic cathodes for fluorescent lamps and their behavior. Illuminating Engineering 46: 288-294.

Misono, K. 1991. Cathode fall voltage of low-current fluorescent lamps. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 20(2): 108-115.

Soules, T. F., J. H. Ingold, A. K. Bhattacharya, et al. 1989. Thermal model of the fluorescent lamp electrode. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 18(2): 81-92.

Stuart, R.V., Wehner, G.K. 1962. Sputtering at very low bombarding energies. Journal of Applied Physics 33(7): 2345-2352.

Tetri, E. 2002. Daylight linked dimming: effect on fluorescent lamp performance. Lighting Research & Technology 34(1): 3-10.

United States Census Bureau. 2001. Fluorescent lamp ballasts: 2001. Current Industrial Reports MQ335C: 01-5.

van den Hoek, W.J., T.L.G. Thijssen, A.J.H. van der Heijden, et al. 2002. Emitter depletion studies on electrodes of 50 Hz mercury/noble gas discharge lamps during ignition. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 35: 1716-1726.

Verderber, R. R., O. Morse, and F. M. Rubinstein. 1985. Life of fluorescent lamps operated at high frequencies with solid-state ballasts. Conference Record: Industry Applications Society IEEE-IAS-1985 Annual Meeting, 1724-1728. New York: IEEE.

Watanabe, Y., and S. Murayama. 1993. Cathode fall characteristics of fluorescent lamps under high-frequency operation. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 32: 3593-3600.

Watanabe, Y. 1995. Dependency of cathode temperature on operation frequencies in fluorescent lamps. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society 24(1): 48-57.

Waymouth, J.F. 1971. Electric discharge lamps. Cambridge, MA and London, England: M.I.T. Press.

To Top

Energy Efficiency and Load Management

Energy Information Administration. 1995. The Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/char95/ex_sum.html. Accessed November 13, 2003.

Federal Energy Regulatory Council. 2002. Demand-side resources and regional power markets: A roadmap for FERC (draft 2A) http://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/smd/conf-2002/02-05-02-3.pdf. Accessed December 13, 2002.

Independent System Operator New England. 2002. ISO-NE Load Response Program Manual.

Lighting Research Center. 1998. A field study of lighting controls. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

———. 2002a. Reducing barriers to use of high efficiency lighting systems, Task 2.10: Interview contractors and installers to determine installation and commissioning issues. Troy, NY. (Report submitted to US Department of Energy).

———. 2002b. Reducing barriers to use of high efficiency lighting systems, Task 2.11: Interview key control manufacturers. Troy, NY. (Report submitted to US Department of Energy).

———. 2002c. Reducing barriers to use of high efficiency lighting systems, Task 4.2: Investigate ideal lamp light output dimming ratio required for different types of applications. Troy, NY. (Report submitted to US Department of Energy).

———. 2002d. Reducing Barriers to use of high efficiency lighting systems, Task 4.3-4.5: Investigation of the effects of dimming on fluorescent lamps. Troy, NY (Report submitted to US Department of Energy).

———. 2002e. Reducing barriers to use of high efficiency lighting systems, Task 4.3 Appendix A: Market analysis for load shedding ballasts. Troy, NY (Report submitted to US Department of Energy).

Millhone, J. 1992. The role of efficiency standards in the United States. Proceedings of the International Energy Agency Conference on Use of Efficiency Standards in Energy Policy, 16-20. Paris: International Energy Agency.

Simons, J. 1992. Energy efficiency standard in a market economy - regulation vs competition? Proceedings of the International Energy Agency Conference on Use of Efficiency Standards in Energy Policy, 42-51. Paris: International Energy Agency.

U.S. Green Buildings Council. 2002. Rating system for commercial interiors, un-balloted draft for pilot program. www.usgbc.org/docs/LEEDdocs/LEEDCIvPilot.pdf. Accessed November 7, 2002.

To Top

Lighting Controls, Sensors and Ballasts

Bierman, A. 2003. Development and demonstration of an improved, energy-efficient, photosensor lighting control. Troy, NY: Lighting Research Center. (Final Project Report submitted to Connecticut Light and Power.)

Bierman, A. and K. Conway. 1999. Characterizing daylight photosensor system performance to help overcome market barriers. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America 1999 Annual Conference: Proceedings, 413-432. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

Buddenberg, A. and R. Wolsey. 1995. Compatibility test of dimming electronic ballasts used in daylighting and environment controls. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America 1995 Annual Conference: Proceedings, 1-9. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

Energy Design Resources. 2000. Design brief: Lighting controls. www.energydesignresources.com/docs/db-01-lightingcontrols.pdf. Accessed November 26, 2003.

Figueiro, M. Forthcoming. Occupancy sensors: Are there reliable estimates of the energy savings? LD+A Lighting Design + Application. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. (To be published January 2004.)

Lighting Research Center. 1998. A field study of lighting controls. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

———. 1994. Lighting controls: A scoping study. Reference document, Mark Rea, and Dorene Maniccia. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

———. 1998. Photosensor project bibliography. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

———. 2000. Photosensor tutorial. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/tutorials/photosensors/index.asp. Accessed November 26, 2003.

Maniccia, D., A. Wadhwa, and R. Longtin. 1996. A new method for assessing occupancy sensor performance using robotics. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America Annual Conference Technical Papers, 760-799. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

Mistrick, R.G., C.H. Chen, A. Bierman, et al. 1999. A comparison of photosensor-controlled dimming systems in a small office. IESNA Annual Conference Papers 1999, 433-448. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

Morante, P. 2002. Economic analysis of a load shed ballast. Troy, NY: Lighting Research Center.

———. 2003a. Daylighting and photosensor economic analysis. Troy, NY: Lighting Research Center.

———. 2003b. Reducing barriers to use of high efficiency lighting systems: Technology transfer plan. Troy, NY: Lighting Research Center.

———. 2003c. Roundtable load-shedding proceedings report. (Report submitted to PIER Lighting Research Program) Troy, NY: Lighting Research Center.

National Lighting Product Information Program. 1997. Specifier reports: Occupancy sensors. Troy, NY: Lighting Research Center.

———.1998. Specifier reports: Photosensors. Troy, NY: Lighting Research Center.

———.1999. Specifier reports: Dimming electronic ballasts. Troy, NY: Lighting Research Center.

———. 2000. Specifier reports: Electronic ballasts. Troy, NY: Lighting Research Center.

Ronat, O. 2002. The digital addressable lighting interface (DALI): An emerging energy-conserving lighting solution. Technical Paper TP4/9/2002. El Segundo, CA: International Rectifier. www.irf.com/technical-info/whitepaper/tp4-9.pdf. Accessed November 26, 2003.

Spectrum Associates Market Research. 2003. Daylight dividends focus group research project final report. (Report submitted to Lighting Research Center). www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/news/enews/jul03/pdf/LRCdaylightingFR.pdf. Accessed November 26, 2003.

The Wattstopper Inc. 2002. Occupancy sensor lighting control guide. Santa Clara, CA. .

To Top